Financiamento público de campanhas eleitorais
[José Yalenti. Pirelli/MASP]
Controle público, sim. Monopólio do Estado, não
Gazeta do Povo, 19/08/2008
| Sérgio Soares Braga
Indo direito ao ponto, podemos afirmar que o melhor modelo para o financiamento de uma campanha eleitoral é aquele que cumpra os seguintes objetivos básicos: (i) seja transparente, permitindo à opinião pública e à sociedade civil uma ampla e eficaz fiscalização sobre as fontes de receita dos candidatos e sobre o destino que é dado ao montante arrecadado, evitando assim desvios de verba e a corrupção política; (ii) seja participativo, ou seja, estimule a participação voluntária dos cidadãos e da sociedade no trabalho de arrecadação e doação de verbas para os candidatos e eventuais representantes, assim como a fiscalização da sociedade sobre as promessas e as ações dos candidatos; (iii) seja barato, de modo a possibilitar a divulgação do maior número possível de informações sobre os candidatos ao menor custo possível para a sociedade.
Ora, analisando as forma como são feitas as campanhas eleitorais no Brasil, verificamos que nenhum dos três objetivos acima enunciados é cumprido pelo atual sistema de financiamento de campanha vigente no Brasil. Em primeiro lugar, porque o sistema em vigor é caro: estudos comparados confirmam a impressão generalizada de que as campanhas eleitorais brasileiras estão entre as mais caras do mundo. Em segundo lugar, porque o sistema em vigor é pouco transparente: basta ver os freqüentes escândalos do noticiário político, a maior parte deles envolvendo acusações de desvio de verba para campanhas eleitorais e/ou compra de votos. Em terceiro lugar, porque o sistema em vigor não estimula a participação da sociedade civil e dos setores politicamente organizados na arrecadação de contribuições pelos candidatos, os quais são financiados predominantemente por grandes empresas (bancos e empreiteiras, a maior parte delas beneficiárias de obras e informações públicas), quando não através do desvio de verbas públicas ou do uso direto e ostensivo da máquina estatal para beneficiar determinados candidatos.
Como o Brasil ainda não parece ter se livrado do péssimo hábito de estatizar e monopolizar tudo aquilo que não funciona muito bem, reativa-se no presente momento a proposta de instaurar um monopólio estatal sobre o financiamento de campanhas eleitorais, ou seja, o chamado “financiamento público exclusivo” das campanhas eleitorais. “Financiamento público” entre aspas porque pela proposta sugerida pelo governo, cada cidadão iria contribuir com a módica quantia de R$ 7,00 para financiar as campanhas de nossos políticos, transferindo à burocracia eleitoral a prerrogativa de gerir esse fundo, sem a correlata prestação de contas à sociedade de seus gastos e de seus atos. Ou seja: correríamos o risco de ter uma nova CPMF ou uma nova Cide, impostos que são desviados de suas finalidades originais devido à gestão intransparente das verbas públicas como é comum no Estado brasileiro.
Mais importante do que o monopólio do estado sobre o financiamento das campanhas eleitorais é estabelecer mecanismos de controle eficazes da sociedade civil sobre os gastos dos candidatos. Nesse sentido, a internet, a imprensa, os tribunais eleitorais, assim como a sociedade civil organizada, possuem um papel fundamental nesse processo. Esses atores devem exigir e pressionar os candidatos para que prestem contas da arrecadação e do destino de suas verbas eleitorais, e fiscalizar cotidianamente o uso que é feito dessas verbas.
Por fim, se eu pudesse encerrar este artigo com um conselho ao eleitor, eu aconselharia o seguinte: verifique se seu candidato tem um website pessoal. Se não tiver um, desconfie. Verifique se ele usa o website para prestar contas de suas despesas eleitorais. Se não usá-lo para isso, desconfie. Verifique, por fim, se ele usa sua campanha eleitoral e a internet para divulgar de forma clara e objetiva quais são suas propostas para melhorar a sociedade, bem como as ações que empreendeu até agora com este objetivo. Se não fizer isso, talvez seja melhor mudar de candidato.
Sérgio Soares Braga é professor de Ciências Sociais da UFPR.
44 comentários:
Sérgio, excelente o artigo. Mas me parece que a sua crítica vai num sentido de muito mais direcionar o tiro ao modelo como o Estado controla seus gastos (ou os nossos) do que as campanhas em si.
Seria a internet capaz de modificar a forma com que se fazem as campanhas EM SI?
Forte abraço,
Bolognesi.
Bruno,
só agora tive tempo de ler seus comentários. Acho que a internet vai mudar bastante as eleições sim, aliás já está mudando, embora essas mudanças -- como todas as demais -- sejam mais preceptíveis no longo prazo. Agora, não acho que as eleições deixem de ser mecanismos de seleção de elites -- ou seja, poliarquias [penso que é isso que você quer dizer quando usa a expressão "democracia em SI"] -- apenas por conta da internet. Mas, a meu ver, ela promoverá alterações nas relações entre elites dirigentes e opinião pública embora eu ache pouco provável que ocorra algum ôba-ôba "participativo" apenas no curto prazo. A natureza e intensidade dessas mudanças, entretanto, deve ser objeto de estudos empíricos.
Ou seja: a política continuará sendo uma dimensão importante da vida dos seres humanos, mas não a única. Daí que as marolas de participação sejam descontínuas e espaçadas ao longo do tempo. O padrão normal é a delegação da participação no processo decisório para terceiros, mesmo porque a maior parte dos serem humanos normais tem outros afazeres.
É difícil comentar um artigo com o qual concordamos. Meus comentários serão marginais ao texto.
Seja o financiamento público ou privado, a Justiça Eleitoral precisa ter estrutura e pessoal para fiscalizar a fonte de receita e o gasto de campanha. Por exemplo, os TREs poderiam sortear candidatos para fazer auditoria durante a eleição. Isto seria outra medida para dificultar a corrupção.
Abraço
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